Federal oversight of nuclear reactors in the United States sits at the complex intersection of law, national security imperatives, and civilian regulatory independence. This brief examines the legal and historical context, tracing the statutes that assign authority for NRC to license and regulate commercial nuclear reactors, DOE to “authorize” nuclear reactors for research activities, and DoD to permit the operation of nuclear reactors for military use. It also explores interagency interfaces, agreements, and delegations, which shape the coordination of nuclear reactor oversight.
NIA recommends a concerted effort by all three agencies to ensure that technically mature, new nuclear reactor concepts are deployed with appropriate federal oversight and regulatory clarity to inspire public confidence.